Study notes; circulatory system

1. The five types of blood vessels are arteries ; aorta that circulates  the oxygenated blood from the heart ( right atrium) to the body and the arteries that take oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and they branch out into arterioles. Capillaries are vessels where the exchange takes place in the tissues and the cells. Here the oxygenated blood is taken and from the there the deoxygenated blood is taken to the veins. Veins are the vessels that take deoxygenated blood to the hearts and the venules are the small veins that collect deoxygenated blood form the capillary and form to join veins.

2.a)Subclavian arteries and veins- the arteries take the oxygenated blood from the heart to the arm and the  veins take it back to the heart through the superior venacava.
b)Jugular veins -they take the deoxygenated from the head to the superior venacava.
c)Carotid arteries-take the oxygenated blood from the heart to the head and arms.
d)Anterior venacava and posterior venacava- anterior takes the deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart and the posterior take the blood from the lower part of the body.
e)Hepatic portal vein- take the blood from the intestines to the liver.
f)renal arteries and veins-takes the renal artery oxygenated blood from the heart to the intestines and the renal vein takes the heart to the deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the inferior venacava.
g)illiac arteries and veins-the artery takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidney and the vein takes deoxygented blood from the trunk\legs to the inferiror venacava to the heart.
h)coronary arteries and veins aorta-coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart and the vein aorts takes the deoxygenated blood to the body.

3.Pulmonary circulation is the circulation of deoxygented blood in the right side of the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart again. Systematic circualtion id the circulaiton of oxygented blood in the left side of the body from the heart to the body through the sorta.

4.In adults the deoxygenated blood from the superior and the inferior vencava to thr right atria to the right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary artery .From the lungs the oxygenated blood comes to the leaft atrium thought the pulmonary vein and goes to the left ventricle. The blood goes to the aorta from here to the body. While in a fetal the deoxygented blood gets pushed from the right atrium to the left atrium through the oval opening and doesnt go to the lungs for gas exchange, This exchange takes place in the umbilical vein/artery. The oxygentaed blood then goes tot he sorta to the arterial duct and then goes to the umbilical cord to the placenta and comes back to the heart through the venus duct.
5.The deoygenated blood from the Right atrium goes to the right ventricle and then to the lungs through the pulmonary artery(trunk). The oxygented blood comes back from the lungs to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein and goes to the left ventricle where it gets pumped tot he body through the aorta.

6.The plasma consists of water and dissolved organic and inorganic substances. The substances consists of proteins( albumen , fibrinogen, immunoglobin), gases, salts , wastes and vitamins.

7. The red blood cells are biconcave disks, this helps to increase the flexibility for moving capillary beds and diffusion of gases. It helps carry hemoglobin around the body.The white blood cell are smaller than cells , have nucleas, transculent and lack hemoglobin helps , to fight against diseases.The platelets are the smallest cells and helps in blood clotting and the process called coagulation.

8.a)Left and right atria-The deoxygenated blood from the body comes through the left atria and then to the right atria.
b)left and right ventricle-The oxgygenated blood from the blood from the lungs flow to the heart and then to the body.
c)coronary arteries nad veins- These are found in the heart and supply blood to the heart.
d)Anterior and posterior venacava- bring deoxygented blood from body from the upper and lower body respectively.
e)pulmonary arteries and pulmonary trunk-take the deoxygented blood to the lungs from the heart and bring oxygented blood to the heart from lungs, respectively.
f)atrioventricular valves- are present between right atrium and right ventricle that prevent backflow of the blood .
g)chordea tendea- are strong fibre present between the atria and ventricle that prevent the flipping of valves and backflow of blood.
h)semi lunar valves- are passage from the atria and the ventricle and alsp prevent blood backflow.
i)septum- the thick wall present between the right and left side of the heart.

9)The SA and AV node are present in the right stria of the heart whereas, the purkinje fibres are in teh base of the heart.

10)The heart can function by itself because the SA and AV nodes are the powerhouse that help the heart to pump blood and make it self suffcient. But when they both fail to function the ourkinje fibres come into action and support the heart.

11)Factors such as high blood pressure causes hypertension, and low blood pressure causes hypotemsion.

12)Systolic blood presurre occurs during higher arterial pressure while heart is pumping, and the ventricles contract to pump blood out into the circulatory system.Diastole is when lower arterial pressure occurs while the heart is pumping and the ventricles relax.

13)a)larynx- the windpipe from the nose to the lungs.
b)trachea-are the cartilage rings that extends in front of the esophagus and the thoraic cavity into the bronchi.
c)bronchi-are the two passage leading   open into small bronchioles in the lungs.
d)bronchioles-are two branches that hold ar and  lead into alveoli
f)alveoli-these are small air scas that help in gas exchage .
h)diaphragm and ribs- the ribs protect the lungs and the diaphragm is the muscle under the lungs that help it to breath.
i)pleural membrane-found in tbe thoraicic cavity that helps lubricate the lungs to breathe easiyl and help maintain connection to the chest wall so that there is a gap between the two lungs.also provides surface tension.
j)Thoracic cavity-is the cavity that holds all the organs and helps in respiration.

14)Cilia and mucus help to trap the foreign things to be trapped , and not let them in the lungs.

15)inhalation makes the intercostal muscle receive nerve impulses to contract the diaphragm , creating more space in the thoracic cavity for the lungs to have more space for air flow. Exhalation makes the intercostal muscle receive nerve impulses that make diaphragm and thoracic cavity ro relax that compresses hte lungs and makes the air flow out int he enviornment,

16)The lungs are the main components that create air flow , while diaphragm manages the contractiona nd relaxation of lungs. The pluera membrane acts as an lubricant and increases surface area for air to flow , while the ribs protec all of these organs from any outside damages.

17)As there is more concentration of carbondioxide in the medulla oblangata the brain sends out nerve impulses to the intercostal muscles and cells to bretahe out air , to maintain the PH level in the body(wants it to normal).`Its the same for hydrogen ions, to get rid of the high acid concentration , the brain responses by breathing air out and taking in more oxygen .

18) When air is inhaled it goes throught the nose , larynx, trachea, bronchi, brochioles to the alveoli. from here it is joined to the pulmonary artery where the oxygen moves towards the alveoli and the carbondioxide leaves the alveoli to be exhaled, as it moves from a high to a lower concentration.

Fetal dissection discussion

The fetal pig dissection was very informative and it did help a lot to get the idea of how all the organs look like and are connected to each other. After taking out each organ and dissecting them specially the heart, even though it was small , showed the blood route and the vessels that carry it. The thing that surprised me was how the organs were developed and already in function in  such an early stage. The pig was only 30 days old and a female. It was a valuable learning experiencebut looking at how fetal pigs were being used, made me feel sick and grossed out. And this feeling was worse becasue fetal pigs are the closest to human fetal.The organs were connected as they were lined up properly and the vessels that connected them to help move blood, nutrients and otehr vital fluids in the body.